Organizational Culture, Management Styles, And...

Abstract This paper discusses the implications of organizational culture, management styles, and organizational size and market demands on the organizational structure of the firm. The paper uses the case study or Toyota Motors Corporation to evaluate how organizational structures are affected by these factors and to make recommendations on the same. Objectives of the study The study seeks to understand the meaning of organizational culture and how it implicates the structure the firm. The study will also seek to understand the effects of management styles on company structures. Also, the study undertakes to understand the implications of market demands as well as organizational size on the structure of the firm. It also places these†¦show more content†¦Organizational culture defines how the firm responds to different market issues, how employees perceive different situations and scenarios in the firm as well as the firm aligns it in relation to different market forces. Organizational culture thus serves as the compass on which different decisions are made and executed – and determines the actions that will be a success in a given firm and those that are resisted or lead to failure. The culture of an organization also includes the assumption and what the firm view as â€Å"common knowledge† usually developed over time as the fir m goes through different stages to the pit that such bases become part of the firm, and define its relationships with the rest of the world. Organizational culture is deemed to be the most important binding factors in a firm – an is the only thing that differentiates the employees of one firm from another. The culture of any organization also determines the power relationships between the different players of the firm, how communication and key decision making is handled as well as how different key stakeholders relate with each other. A culture that empowers every employee will se an organizational structure that mirrors this empowerment, and will consequently have a structure that allows more people to take part in decision making and value their contributions. Organizational culture impacts performance, management and perception – and has been cited asShow MoreRelatedHow The Organizational Behavior And Other Factors Have Affected The Organization Chart And Structure Of The Toyota Company1496 Words   |  6 Pagesbe successful or not. The management style, culture, technology incorporation are some of the issues which will define the fate of the company. This business report attempts to analyses the impact of some of these issues to the structure of the organization. The human resource department issues are easily handled if an organization structure chart exists and in this case, the Toyota Company Report objectives i). The aim of this report is to analyze how the organizational behavior and other factorsRead MoreComparing the Organizational Culture of The Microsoft Corporation and Apple Inc1243 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational comparisons The Microsoft Corporation versus Apple Inc. The IT industry is the fastest developing one in the modern day society and it sets the pace for development in all of the personal and professional sectors of life. And the advancement of the IT industry cannot be imagined any other way than having been driven by the two global giants Apple and Microsoft. The two companies have been competing in the industry ever since they were first created and began to operate. TheRead MoreEvaluating The Correlation Between The Oc And Performance Is Not A Modern Approach1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthat in their management research article - managers play a role in getting the employees commitment that leads to improved productivity. Expanding on that research Wei Lees, (2014) combines that leadership and types OC, would introduce values and objectives of the organization to employees and voice the importance to understand the overall organizational goals and will get the most out of the internal systems. The Fiol Lyles (1985) introduced organization learning into the culture and affectedRead MoreDeloitte Profile Of Deloitte Consulting1393 Words   |  6 Pagesis the brand name under which thousands of professionals and independent firms collaborate to provide audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax and other related services spa nning multiple industries. The parent company of this network is Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL), a UK private company that started as an international accounting firm, and today is also one of the world s largest consulting firms. DTTL has a global network in more than 150 countries. With over quarterRead MoreQuestions On Organizational Theory And Behavior1459 Words   |  6 Pages COURSE: ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOR COURSE CODE: MGT 4020 INSTRUCTOR: DR. SIKALEI DAMARY GROUP ONE INTERNET EXERCISE: ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT: DESIGN AND CULTURE MEMBERS ID NO GITATA IAN MWANGI 639068 MBEERA KEITH 641323 NDERITU SUSAN NJERI Read MoreContingency Planning: there is no one best way2022 Words   |  9 PagesWar the managerial formalism was still the dominant view of organization and management. The previous management theories which were dominating the view of the organizations and management that created by the classical management theorists, such as Weber s  bureaucracy  and Taylor s  scientific management. Frederick Taylor, Industrial Engineer and the American classical theorist, who has coined the scientific management term. Taylor was refereeing to the study of work processes for the purpose ofRead MoreMarketing Proposal Essay2262 Words   |  10 PagesThe senior management needs to involve all level of staff in decision-making processes. Importantly, they should be informed and assured of the strategies that the management is going to introduce and initiate on behalf of the organization. The equal opportunity of involvement and participation certainly develops the feeling of ownership. Armstrong (2006) points out that an ethical approach is based on high- commitment and high-involvement policies. As a result, the staffs suppose the effective implementationRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Paper2048 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Behavior Darleen Cervera, David Spann, Virginia Waugaman, William Anderson MMPBL 502 August 16, 2010 Thomas A Graham Organizational Behavior Kudler Fine Foods is a chain of upscale epicurean food shops located in San Diego, California. It was founded in 1998 by Kathy Kudler in response to her personal frustrations about the lack of a convenient, one-stop shop for gourmet cooks. The first store opened in La Jolla and was greeted with immediate success. Since then KudlerRead MoreLeadership Analysis: Emirates Airlines4510 Words   |  19 Pagesin the market, and Emirate Airline is never an exemption. Accordingly, the corporate strategy and management of a business describes the process of directing and leading the business operations within the company by exhausting their available resources extensively in order to attain the organizational objectives. This includes business plan conceptualization and monitoring the implementation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the strategy. The company considers unique strategic management to identifyRead MoreHuman Resource Policies Influence The Performance Of Medium Sized M anufacturing Firms Essay2600 Words   |  11 Pages Research Proposal How Human Resource Policies Influence the Performance of Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms Name: Instructor: Institution: Course: Date: How Human Resource Policies Influence the Performance of Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms 1. Introduction Globalization has created a paradigm shift in the ways by which firms conduct their business. The convergence of world economies has minimized-and in some cases eliminated-both legislative and geographical barriers to international

Corrections Timeline Free Essays

This essay is going to show the development with four eras of the correctional system. The four eras that will be discussed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For each era we will go over the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the treatment and punishment of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on today’s correctional system. We will write a custom essay sample on Corrections Timeline or any similar topic only for you Order Now The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as well as, recommendations for ways in which the current correctional system could be improved upon. Penitentiary era 1800’s With the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment growing in popularity, a new concept of criminal punishment came into play; the penitentiary. The penitentiary first appeared in 1790 when the Philadelphia Walnut Street Jail was expanded to allow separate confinement of inmates. The western State Penitentiary was established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1819, as well as the Auburn State Penitentiary in New York. The Auburn State Penitentiary was based on a congregate system. Seeks to redeem offenders through a well-ordered routine of the prison, implementing strict discipline, labor, obedience, and silence. The inmates were held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day. They could not talk or look at each other while working or at meals. The work consisted of hard labor, such as the construction of roads or buildings. The inmates had to walk in unison, in a formation known as the lock step. The goal of The Auburn State Penitentiary was to redeem the offender through the well-organized practice of the prison (Clear, Cole, Reisig, 2009). In 1821 after many years of lobbying from the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, the Pennsylvania Legislature approves funding to build the Eastern State Penitentiary. The new prison will hold 250 inmates. In 1829 Masks are fabricated to keep the inmates from communicating during rare trips outside their cells. Cells are equipped with feed doors and individual exercise yards to prevent contact between inmates, and minimize contact between inmates and guards. In 1839, the County of Chester built its first off site jail at Market and New Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. This structure subsequently underwent alteration and additions up until 1941. This Prison was modeled after the Walnut Street jails in Philadelphia the first County institution which was built in 1770. The only differences were the sanitary provisions, beds and heating for each cell. 1862 – A cabinet shop is opened in the prison. In the next ten years, the prison will add a shoe shop, a tailor shop, a wagon factory, and an expansion to the cabinet shop for other furniture and chairs. By 1878, the revenues will be sufficient to allow the prison to run without drawing appropriations from the state’s treasury. A knitting industry is added in 1893, a twine plant in 1912, a cannery in 1915, a license plate operation in 1917, a print shop in the early 1920s, and a laundry in 1940. The laundry, license plate, wood and metal furniture, printing and signage, silk-screening, and tailoring operations survive to this day at the prison. Community Era 1960’s to 1980. During this era there were lot of Development of behavioral techniques in 1930s and 1940s brought about concept of treatment in prisons. â€Å"Correctional Facilities. † Treatment based on â€Å"medical model. † Individual and group therapy programs evolved. Neurosurgery- Used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges – frontal lobotomies were part of this approach. Sensory deprivation- Denial of stimulation by isolating prisoners in quiet, secluded environment. Aversion therapy- Drugs and/or electric shock used to teach prisoner to associate negative behavior with pain and displeasure. Today’s Prisons In today’s prisons Whites – 1229 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20’s. Blacks – 10,376 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20’s. the prisons today with the maximum system looks like the: high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter, electric perimeters, laser motion detectors, electronic and pneumatic locking systems, metal detectors, X-ray machines and television surveillance. Medium security prison, Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom. In them, prisoners can usually: associate with other prisoners, go to the prison yard, use exercise room/equipment, visit the library and take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision. Also in the medium security prison they usually have dormitory style housing. Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Last we have the minimum security prisons which: Housing tends to be dormitory style and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. â€Å"Counts† are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. I believe that all the eras had a lot to do with how far we have come in the correctional system today. I would have to say that the way we are running the system today is the best we have had and we will continue to learn and over time will make the system better. How to cite Corrections Timeline, Papers

Leadership - Business Critical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Leadership for Business Critical Perspective. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to a quality that an individual carries to motivate other person to achieve the goals of them as well as of organization. It is a dynamic process in which only on individual is not responsible for the result of groups but all the members collectively commit to one goal that is achieved by all. A leader is a person who collects all the members and help to move them in one direction. He plays a very vital role as he build the team, help to bring development in individuals, and atleast they achieve the task. He is the one who understand the need of the members of the group. This assists to know each member individually and to maintain good relations between the two that results in trust and honesty. The flow of communication will also improve by effective leadership. A leader directs the members to optimize the resources in a proper way. He plans, controls, direct, organizes, motivates, etc the group of people to attain the future goals. In this present study, we will study about the leaders and their practices that helped the business organization. We also earn the problems faced by them in the leadership. There will be a description on the various styles and theories of the leaders that helps us to understand leadership in a better way. Leadership brings power and power helps to influence the people. This is how the big leaders brought revolutionary changes in the society. As power has the capability to exert the influence in either positive or negative direction. Influence refers to any sort of actions that helps to change the attitude r behavior of any individual. In this study, there will be example of three leaders who have different leadership styles and approaches. There will be a justification on all of them will be mentioned to understand all of them in a better way. Afterwards the study will continue with the impacts of their styles and approaches on the business and business environment. Leaders and their qualities Susie Burrell She is one of the leading dietitians of Australia. She is a nutrition and psychologist, who is helping thousand of Australian children and athletes to achieve their health and nutritional values without any diet and deprivation (Burrell, 2012). The reason to choose her as a leader is that she is a young inspiration to all the Australian children. She has the caliber to mange her personal and social life. The decision making of Susie is very effective and wise. She is very initiative as she taken decision to improve the quality of the food poducts produced and consumed by the consumers. For this, she influenced not only the producers but also the media and regulatory authorities to supply only nutritional and healthy food for the consumers. She has worked on many projects to implement such decision on the society. As a woman, she has to manage between the personal life and career. She manages things, organized them, and manages the time effectively, where many of us left exhaust ("New approaches to leadership", 2011). As a leader, there is a need to maintain self-motivation and self discipline. The major quality of leader is that he or she does not panic in worst situations. They take it as challenegs and face them. Through their motivation, they are able to cope up with critical situations. They not only direct others but also themselves too. They remain self motivated, their goals are clear, and try to coach them self to achieve greatness (Halsall, 2015). Susie as a leader Her basic skill as a leader is to notice and relate every person who comes to her professional life. She uses her interpersonal skills and knowledge to identify the interest and needs of each individuals. Then she draws plans to motivate and help them by various methods. Her personal belief is that every individual should have lots of energy and good health in order to influence others in a positive manner. She said that one should live in an environment that inspires and motivates you (Gunzel-Jensen, Jain, Kjeldsen, 2016). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Her leadership qualities are very unique and soothing. This type of leader remains very kind-hearted and down-to-earth for the employees of an organization. Such leadership qualities are helpful to maintain good relations in the organization. The environment of the organization remains very friendly and happy. As these leaders focus specifically on the employee's needs and wants. These types of leaders are very dynamic in nature. They tend to change situations and mould according to the need and requirement. They take interest in challenges and face the problems in very positive way. Despite of running out form the issues they patiently hold them and try to find effective solutions for the same (Goldsmith, Baldoni, McArthur, 2010). Cindy Hook Cindy hook is the CEO of the Deloitte Australia. She was the chief executive of the same company and spent most of her time in identifying the qualities of leaders, developing leaders and how to build team of leaders. This is the only key of success of her journey. According to her, there are six points by which a general person can become a successful leader. The first point is that to become effective and great leaders there is need to know and indentify you. If a person can bring himself and his beliefs, values, ethics, etc into the leadership then it would be the best leadership out of all. This kind of leadership will be authentic in nature, real and genuine. It carries a truthfulness and kindness that helps to achieve the goals of the organizational and its employees. Qualities of Cindy Hook as a leader The leaders must crystallize their views and directions so that they are clear for their goals and objectives. The leaders must have t self aware about the process and methods by which they have to go through to become an effective leader. She suggested that one should try to do all this in their life because such things are very important. Every individual carries some leadership skills with them. The only issue is not every one try to identify those skills (O'Mullane, 2011). According to her, the leaders should carry vitality and health. Only a healthy person can take wealthy decisions. Health and well-being is a way by which one can manage both the performances either individuals or organizations. She said that hard work will help to deliver effective and proven results. There is no substitute and alternatives available for hard work. To be a successful leader, there is a need to do hard work. Hard work refers to dedication of work and time as well. It gives consistent and relevant results which is very important for leaders. The prime role of every leader is to provide effective and efficient results. However, it is not possible to achieve 100% effectiveness in each work done by you. But, there should be at least 90% of effectiveness presents in the results. According to the businesses, the main task of leaders is to maximize the profits and overall growth of the company. To achieve this, the leaders have to balance between the goals of the organizational and also the employees. They also have to turn the challenges into opportunities to be an effective leader (Bennister, 2016). Cindy hook mentioned that a leader should be loyal to the organization in which he is working. She said that it is a myth that to have better future and career there is a need to switch the jobs frequently. There is a need to analyze that where an individual is working and what are the needs of that organization. According to her longevity is very important and its paid off as she gave 30 years at Deloitte. She claimed that there is a special power that lays n team work. This cannot be achieved individually. To be an effective leader there is a need to build a team around you and if you are unable to do so than you are not a leader. These types of individuals are knows as sole contributors. The leaders have to consider them as innovators. They have to invite challenges and find effective ways to come out of them with bright colors. The leaders should have the capability to learn and listen which is the most effective quality of him. He has to globalize himself by understanding the nature and culture of other countries and their organizations. As the world is becoming smaller, and the businesses becoming larger, there is an emergence of critical style of leadership in all the organist ions. The leaders should always try to seek global experience from different sources. It doesnt mean that one should have to go on world tour. It is not possible for everyone. But if an individual want to have knowledge of global world it can be achieved through studies, books, literatures, etc. You can take different projects related to different countries. It helps leaders to grasp knowledge about the future. It also provides ways to forecast the future needs (Normore, 2010). A leader must be ready for the upcoming future challenges and issues because he is the one who have to face and handle the same. Future decisions are not merely taken by technical skills. Instead, there is need to broaden your thinking and minds capabilities to bring new ideas related to future. This process will be initiated through curiosity and urge to learn more. To get ready for future challenges, one should become ready for today (Dansereau, Seitz, Chiu, Shaughnessy, Yammarino, 2013). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Cindy Hook is one of the effective leaders of Australia. Her leader style is very new and innovative. She is not an autocratic leader but a democratic leader. She believes in ideas and thinking of others. This type of leaders is very impactful as they inspire all the people around them. These types of leaders are very open to new challenges which are very important in every business organization. Every company wants a leader who can manage the employees in an efficient manner (Rogers, 2012). Leaders like her are very creative and broad minded. They are spiritual and believe the culture of others. Such leaders are influenced by the team work and team building and they believe in the same. They try to divide the work in groups of people to decrease the burden and load. Such qualities will help organizations to achieve success in a very shorter period of time (Owen, 2015). Cindy hooks mentioned that she believes in long relations with the organization in which employees work. This approach helps companies to decrease the employee turnover ratio. Such leaders motivate the employees to retain in the organisation and provide their best for the future benefits of the company as well as for them. She said it is good to retain and find the problems that can be solved by you. Such leaders are very quick in analyzing the needs and want of employees and try to fulfill them (Pearson, 2012). Diann Feldman Diann Feldman is managing director of Greenleaf centre for servant leadership in Queensland. She has discussed the philosophy of servant leadership from different perspective. In this study we will discuss and compare her philosophies with other prominent leaders, implementation of theses philosophies and her version of leadership styles in business organization (Peleg, 2012). She believes that an effective leadership should serve people and communities as a role model of Christ. Her leadership theories are different from other theories. To reach at this stage of leadership she has faced lots of struggles in her life since 90s. It was believed in 90s that leaders are the persons who are known and famous rather than individuals to every other. This theory was not fit with her fundamental beliefs and faith. According to others, the leader is on who is powerful. Though, it is true that a leader is a person who has more power than others but the intentions behind the use of power decides the style of leadership. Every human being has their power of choice and freedom, and each one in powerful in their own manner (Stippler, 2011). She believes that a leader has some inherent faiths and values that help him to become leader. There is a need of practical nature and understanding towards the work in leadership. She said that leadership is a result of in-tact relationship between the followers and the leaders. Any person can become a leader as the leaders are not appointed. Instead, there is a need to identify the opportunity that come in your way and also to analyze that how one can act like a leader in such situations (Cullen Yammarino, 2014). In todays era, the leaders are very violent and disguise the leadership as they take advantages form the authority. The corporate leaders of companies try to decide the fate of the employees by their own; they are least concerned and try to worst the situation which is not the part of leadership. Such leaders are not the one who can generate other leaders, this type of leaders ahs followers due to the terror, fear, power, security needs, alter ego, or some other reasons. Though, many companies believe in autocratic leaders but they are not effective one (Townsend, 2011). Qualities of Diann Feldman as a leader Leaders are the persons who are generous, caring, respect others, who always try to build relation with other. Such leaders are opposite of above mentioned leaders. They have many qualities that help business to grow and develop. Such leaders engages themselves to achieve more through employees, make effective relations, perform hark work in critical situations, remain committed to the companies, and always try to keep the heart, soul and themselves in work. These leaders are the heroes of the organization. The aim of these leaders is not only to make corporation successful but also to provide this success to each employee working in that company. Throughout their life, they earned love and respect from the employees and staff members, they are honest and available all the time for work, and they take difficult decision, take stand with others, they listen to others ideas and inputs, and direct people in one direction (Van Wart, 2010). According to her leaders are developed with time and circumstances they have to lead the situations. She said that, conscious choice brings one to lead. It refers to the decisions that are made by leaders that started their journey of leadership. From that point of time, the awareness and development of leadership initiates. According to her traits are build, acquired and developed. The traits of an effective leaders is not dictatorship and dominate, they are care and share. Leadership is something that will gradually grow with thee time, and it will enhance with experiences. Leadership is a type of natural emergence within an individual that will come out at times. But sometimes, it is the result of accidental situations that will help to develop leader in an individual (Chapparamani, 2012). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization This type of leadership brings authenticity that helps to influence the corporate, companies, organizations, etc. It also generates and enlightens the work of organizations in a way that they bring heart and mind of employees into the organizations. The true meaning of leadership is not power but to understand the relationship between the leaders and followers that is very important in every organization. The effective leadership helps to acknowledge the journey of employees in the organization and generate a strong desire in other people to serve others. It eliminates the nature of self-centered individuals and transforms them into more caring and serving society. It will also help to transmit the behavior of organization from a master to a serving other organization. This type of leadership is the best suited as it helps to change the thinking, beliefs, actions and leadership style (Burrell, 2012). Her strategy to apply leadership skills in organization by using the power of each employee, ask them to share their own leadership skills, to act as a role model, and to share their own ideas about leadership. In this way, she can raise awareness and interest of employees towards leadership. She uses to tell them stories of many famous leaders and apply them practically in the areas where they are required. She initiates many workshops, tours, dialogue group, internet chat, etc. as an emerging knowledge for the employees. In this way, her leadership approaches and styles help many organizations to establish an effective leadership in organizations (Davies, 2012). Recommendations As discussed above there are many problems faced by leaders. Due to poor and ineffective leadership styles many companies have to face inefficiency. There is some measure that should be adopted by the companies to improve the leadership styles. The leaders should have new experiences regarding leadership that comprises of volunteering, mentoring, etc. it provides a platform for leaders to enhance their skills. The leaders also have to follow specific guidelines and their directions must be clear in n organisation. It helps in empowerment and development of the leaders. Leaders should have certain skills, knowledge, qualifications, training, etc that differentiate him or her from others. The achievement of above written qualities of leaders can be achieved through workshops and programmers. Organizations who want to enhance the skills of their leaders should initiate these programs in their organization. This help to make employees aware about the leadership skills. These workshops must provide training on communication skills, management, education, basic knowledge of organization, practical training, etc. These training also help organizations and employees to identify the future and potential leaders of the organization. Conclusion In this study, we understand the requirement of the leaders as they are the utmost need to complete the functions of any organization. The proper utilization of teams and groups can be done with the help of leaders. They help to create cohesiveness in the companies. It is said that the leaders are born not created but if certain trainings are provided then any one can become a leaders. The only need is to identify the potential and brush up the skills. This can be achieved through training, development programs, workshops, etc. We have studied about leaders of Australia that helps students to know that how a general persona can become a leader through his hard and smart work. If an individual effectively apply all the leadership styles on him in a positive way then it is not impossible for him to be successful leader. The great leaders are created through hard work and dedication n who give their hundred percent to achieve the goals and objectives. References Bailey, M., (2016). Sipplement shows way for uni-busniess collaboration, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.afr.com/leadership/management Bennister, M. (2016). Editorial: New Approaches to Political Leadership. Pag, 4(2), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i2.683 Burrell, S. (2012). Susie Burrell. [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership/susie-burrell Chapparamani, D. (2012). Leadership Approaches. GRA, 3(2), 141-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/45 Cullen, K. Yammarino, F. (2014). Special issue on collective and network approaches to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 180-181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.005 Dansereau, F., Seitz, S., Chiu, C., Shaughnessy, B., Yammarino, F. (2013). What makes leadership, leadership? Using self-expansion theory to integrate traditional and contemporary approaches. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(6), 798-821. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.008 Davies, L. (2012). Australian centre for leadership for women, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership-gender-articles/issues-oriented-leadership/libby-davies Goldsmith, M., Baldoni, J., McArthur, S. (2010). The AMA handbook of leadership. New York: American Management Association. Gunzel-Jensen, F., Jain, A., Kjeldsen, A. (2016). Distributed leadership in health care: The role of formal leadership styles and organizational efficacy. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715016646441 Halsall, R. (2015). The role of CEO (auto-) biographies in the dissemination of neo-ascetic leadership styles. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715015591861 Korff. J., (2015). Michael Anderson-interview with an aboriginal leader, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/michael-anderson-interview-with-an-aboriginal-leader New approaches to leadership. (2011). Veterinary Record, 168(18), 494-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d2855 Normore, A. (2010). Global perspectives on educational leadership reform. Bingley: Emerald. O'Mullane, M. (2011). University leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Owen, J. (2015). Integrative and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Leadership Development. New Directions For Student Leadership, 2015(145), 49-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.20123 Pearson, C. (2012). The transforming leader. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Peleg, S. (2012). Educational Leadership Approaches and Trends. Education Journal, 1(1), 9. https://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.edu.20120101.13 Rogers, R. (2012). Leadership communication styles: a descriptive analysis of health care professionals. Journal Of Healthcare Leadership, 47. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jhl.s30795 Servantleadership.com, (2012). Servant leadership, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/servant-leadership Stippler, M. (2011). Leadership. [Gu?tersloh, Germany]: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung. Townsend, T. (2011). School leadership in the twenty-first century: different approaches to common problems?. School Leadership Management, 31(2), 93-103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2011.572419 Van Wart, M. (2010). Two Approaches to Leadership Studies. Public Administration Review, 70(4), 650-653. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02191.x

Interpersonal Skills in Everyday Life

Introduction When it comes down to addressing different life-challenges, it represents the matter of a crucial importance to be aware of what may account for these challenges’ discursive significance. In its turn, this explains why the most effective methods of finding a solution to particularly challenging real-life situations are being commonly discussed within the conceptual framework of psychological and educational theories, the application of which can be deemed contextually appropriate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Skills in Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this thesis at length, while describing the discursively relevant incident, taken out of my personal life-experiences, specifying how I was able to define the incident’s theoretical significance, and elaborating upon how I approached the task of putting my kn owledge of this incident’s theoretical subtleties into a practical use. Description of the incident The incident, on which I am going to focus throughout the course of this paper’s initial sub-chapter, took place when I was still attending a high school. Back then, it used to be a commonplace practice, among our school’s teachers, to encourage academically successful students to help their not so successful classmates in addressing home-assignments, provided at school. Being considered one of the class’s brightest and socially responsible students, it did not come as a particular surprise to me that I was asked to consider tutoring Jamal (the person’s name is being altered due to privacy considerations), whose parents have recently immigrated to Australia from Pakistan. The problem with this student was the fact that, apart from lacking conversational skills in Australian English, which was assumed to hamper his socialization-related abilities, he was also exhibiting a strong aversion of theoretically intense academic assignments, especially when being required to deal with math-related homework. At that time, I was fully convinced that the slow pace of Jamal’s academic progress was of an essentially environmental nature. That is, I assumed that the reason why this student was lagging behind his peers in just about every academic discipline, is that he did not have enough time to acclimatize to the realities of living in Australia. In addition, I believed that the particulars of Jamal’s family-situation (he was the oldest child in the family of nine) were naturally prompting him to adopt a neglectful attitude towards the studying, as he was required to help his parents in raising his younger brothers and sisters.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it did not take me too long to realize that there must h ave been a number of clearly non-environmental aspects to Jamal’s clearly defined inability to cope with many of his homework assignments on its own. The realization of this fact, on my part, took place when he and I decided to stay in the classroom, after the end of classes for that day, and to go through a particular math-assignment, which Jamal appeared to have had a hard time while dealing with. The first thing I asked Jamal about, was about what he thought was especially troubling about the math-equation, he was required to resolve. To this question, Jamal replied, â€Å"It is hard for me to keep all these numbers in my mind, because I cannot relate to them personally†. Apparently, Jamal was experiencing a problem, while trying to understand the actual point in spending time to find a solution to the earlier mentioned math-equation. I tried to explain to him that the reason why students are being required to take math-classes is that it is supposed to make them mo re comfortable with the realities of today’s highly technological living. I remember saying to Jamal, â€Å"Even though that math-equations are utterly abstract, without them we would not be able to design several life-enhancing technologies, which people in Western countries take for granted†. Jamal’s response was somewhat dismaying, â€Å"I do not intend to become a scientist†¦ Why should I be required to learn all of this science stuff?†. Eventually, it started to dawn on me that, far from being prevented to improve his grades by some external forces, Jamal was experiencing a problem with ‘digesting’ the taught material cognitively because the innermost workings of his psyche predetermined such state of affairs. In its turn, this prompted me to consider the possibility that the very procedural framework of how Australian educators approach the task of teaching students, maybe ill-adjusted to Jamal’s learning-related psychologic al inclinations. This is because Jamal grew up in a highly traditional/religious society, where people do not necessarily think of the concept of scientific progress; as such that defines the foremost aspects of their everyday living. As I continued trying to come to terms with what accounted for obstacles, on the way of Jamal striving to improve his grades, the validity of my initial insight, in this respect, was becoming ever more apparent. This is because I realized that, apart from experiencing an emotional uncomfortableness with the thoroughly abstract content of what was being taught to him in math-classes, Jamal was also growing uncomfortable with the manner, in which academic materials used to be presented to him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Skills in Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The realization of this fact, on my part, occurred when, after having tried to pay attenti on to what I was saying for a while, Jamal suddenly turned to me and said, â€Å"I do not think I can benefit a lot from being tutored by a girl. You do not seriously think you are being in a position to tell me what I am supposed to do with my life, do you?†. Apparently, due to the religious specifics of his upbringing, Jamal never ceased referring to women as being inferior to men (Moore, 1992). This is why, while understanding perfectly well that he was indeed in a position to benefit from being tutored by his more academically advanced classmates, Jamal nevertheless could never get comfortable with the idea of gender egalitarianism, which in turn caused him to adopt a somewhat cautious attitude towards me, as a person who was genuinely interested in helping him to improve his grades. However, being a thoroughly tolerant individual, I did not allow the realization of this fact to affect my willingness to help Jamal. After having spent some time with him, I concluded that o ne of the reasons why Jamal seemed to be rather unenthusiastic about taking care of his homework assignments, is that the strength of his motivation to pursue with the studying was somewhat undermined. In order to confirm the validity of my suspicion, in this respect, I asked Jamal, â€Å"Do you realize that you should be personally interested in applying as much effort as possible towards becoming a thoroughly educated individual, because otherwise, you will not be able to attain a social prominence?†. To this, Jamal replied, â€Å"I do realize that. It is just the manner in which teachers treat me implies that I should be deriving an absolute pleasure out of the very process of being taught. However, I cannot do this – the studying makes sense to me for as long as I perceive it as such that has a practical value. And, I do not think that the process of solving math-equations may have such a value†. This particular Jamal’s remark caused me to consider th e possibility that the actual cause of his lessened ability to excel academically was concerned with the fact that the procedural framework of how teachers used to go about educating Jamal, was not consistent with his psychological predispositions. In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that, even though that as time goes on, Australian society is becoming ever more multicultural, the teaching-related conceptual methodologies in the field of education remain thoroughly euro-centric. That is, these methodologies do not take into account the fact that the specifics of students’ ethnocultural affiliation do affect their attitude towards studying – hence, influencing students’ chances to obtain diplomas. The earlier described incident prompted me to think that, in order to increase the rate of retention among students, educators may never cease being fully aware of what accounts for the biologically predetermined essence of every particular student’s cognitive inclinations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In its turn, this would require teachers to familiarize themselves with the basics of Jungian psychoanalysis/Maslow’s theory of motivation, the application of which, within the context of how truly effective learning methodologies are being designed, appears indispensable. In the next part of this paper, I will outline the conceptual subtleties of Jungian psychoanalysis/Maslow’s theory of motivation, as such that is being consistent with what I consider the theoretical implications of the earlier described incident. Own feelings and thoughts in response to the incident The conceptual cornerstone of Jungian theory is the assumption that there are essentially two different realities – the internal (psychological) reality of one’s psyche and the external (material/social) reality of an outside world. A particular individual’s continual and simultaneous exposure to these two realities invariably results in him or her striving to attain the state of an emotional/cognitive equilibrium between them – individuation. In its turn, this presents such an individual with a number of different challenges, because in accordance with the Jungian theory’s another essential provision, even though that one psyche’s ‘conscious’ and ‘unconscious’ spheres do derive out of each other, they nevertheless function in a mostly unconnected manner (Jourard, 1974). Whereas, formally speaking, one’s consciousness can be best described as being rationale-driven; the actual rationale behind an individual’s tendency to react to life’s challenges in one manner or another reflects the workings of his or her unconscious. For example, a well-known tendency of young men to strive towards achieving complete independence from their parents, often extrapolated by their behavioral aggressiveness, Jung refers to as the sublimation of these men’s selfish desires. However, the strength of one†™s desires, in this respect, is being defined by the extent of his association with the so-called ‘collective archetypes’ (historically predetermined matrixes for societal behavior), which exist in the realm of ‘collective unconscious’ – a rudimentary behavioral pattern, shared by all humans (Hillman, 1996). Therefore, one’s emotional/cognitive contentment, reflected by his or her ability to act in a socially appropriate manner, can be best conceptualized as a byproduct of the sheer strength of such an individual’s commitment to remain on the path of self-actualization (individuation). Self-actualization, however, can only be achieved if the concerned individual proves itself intellectually honest enough to admit what accounts for the qualitative essence of his or her psychological complexes (the suppressed values of one’s conscious self). Hence, another important aspect of Jungian theory, relevant to the proposed study’ s subject matter – every person can be referred to as a simultaneous bearer of masculine (animus) and feminine (anima) psychological traits, which usually sublimate themselves in such a person’s tendency to interact with the surrounding reality in either the introverted (rationale-driven/masculine) or the extroverted (emotion-driven/feminine) mode. According to Keirsey and Bates (1984), â€Å"Extraverts, with their need for sociability, appear to be energized, or ‘tuned up’ by people†¦ Pursuing solitary activities, working quietly alone†¦ participating in activities which involve few or no other people – these seem to charge the batteries of the introvert† (p. 15). In its turn, the extent of one’s affiliation with the values of introversion/extraversion can be well measured in regards to the qualitative essence of the concerned individual’s cognitive predispositions. Because Jungian theory does not only establish diale ctically predetermined links between the subtleties of individuals’ psycho-constitution and the manner in which they go about socializing with others, but also provide researchers with the scientifically legitimate methodology for conducting a qualitative inquiry into what accounts for the innermost triggers of people’s societal behavior, the adoption of Jungian psychological paradigm in our case appears entirely appropriate. There is also another theory, the application of which appears to be potentially capable of explaining the significance of the earlier mentioned incident – Maslow’s theory of motivation. According to this American psychologist, the spectrum of just about all human motivations appears hierarchically structured – hence, Maslow’s famous ‘the hierarchy of needs’ conception. The first premise of this conception is based upon the assumption that people’s needs can be categorized as animalistic/physiologica l, on the one hand, and intellectual/metaphysical, on the other. After having satisfied their physiological needs (or first-order needs), concerned with ensuring that there is plenty of food, water and sex, people begin aspiring to satisfy their second-order needs, such as finding a well-paid job and securing their social niches. After that, people usually move on to satisfy their third-order and fourth-order needs, such as striving to attain the sense of self-esteem and the respect of others. The top of Maslow’s ‘pyramid of needs’ features people’s longing for self-actualization. There is one more aspect of Maslow’s conceptualization of self-actualization, which appears especially relevant to my experience of having dealt with Jamal – the fact that Maslow used to distinguish between ‘deficit-motivated’ and ‘growth-motivated’ modes of self-actualization. According to him; whereas, the majority of the deficit-motivate d individuals tend to think of the concept of self-actualization as something rather instrumental (for them, being a self-actualized individual is synonymous to being a socially established individual), growth-motivated individuals think of self-actualization in terms of a never-ending process, which represents a high metaphysical value as ‘thing in itself’. That is, growth-motivated individuals actually derive much more pleasure out of remaining on the path towards achieving a particular goal, rather than out of realizing the fact that their goal has already been achieved. Maslow (1968) defines ‘growth-motivation’ in terms of â€Å"The ability of healthy people to transform means-activity into end-experience, so that even instrumental activity is enjoyed as if it were end activity† (p. 31). Even though that Maslow does not specify a psychological foundation, upon which people’s growth-motivated strive towards self-actualization is based, we c an well hypothesize that it is being concerned with genetically and environmentally predetermined particulars of how people tend to perceive the surrounding reality and their place in it (Rogers, 1961; Rogers, 1967). The validity of such our hypothesis can be explored in regards to the fact that individuals with non-Western cultural backgrounds have traditionally been assumed to possess a so-called ‘holistic’ or ‘Apollonian’ mentality, which in turn presupposes their tendency to ‘blend’ with the surrounding environment rather than to be willing to subject alive themselves within this environment, as the active agents of its continual transformation (Neville, 1996). In this respect, these individuals differ rather dramatically from those who happened to possess a so-called ‘Faustian’ mentality, which causes its affiliates to adopt a particularly active stance, while seeking self-actualization. According to Greenwood (2009), ‘F austian’ existential virtues are being concerned with the assumption that, â€Å"Individual’s willpower must never cease combating obstacles, that the catastrophes of existence come as an inevitable culmination of past choices and experiences, and that the conflict is the essence of existence† (p. 53). Therefore, it makes a thorough, logical sense to think of people’s varying ability to choose in favor of adopting deficit-motivated (holistic) or growth-motivated (Faustian) modes of self-actualization in terms of what happened to be the characteristics of their ethnocultural background. In the next part of this paper, I will aim to show how the earlier described theories (Jungian psychoanalysis and Maslow’s theory of motivation) can be applied, within the context of us defining the discursive significance of Jamal’s lack of academic progress. I will also come up with recommendations, as to what may be considered a proper approach towards refo rming the system of national education, in order for it to be more consistent with the realities of a multicultural living. Theory to make meaning of the incident and responses While describing the incident with Jamal, I mentioned that he appeared to have experienced problems with the fact that he could not emotionally relate to what has been taught to him. In its turn, this can be well explained, once we assess the significance of this incident through the conceptual lenses of Jung and Maslow’s theories. After all, the Jungian categorization of people, as such that belong to two qualitatively different psycho-types, does provide us with an insight into what can be considered the behavioral emanations of people’s affiliation with either of these psycho-types (Coleman Hendry, 1990). For example, one of the extroverts’ foremost psychological traits has traditionally been considered their tendency to prefer the specifically collective forms of learning. The reason for this is quite apparent – while studying in groups, extraverts are being able to establish emotional links between the significance of abstract knowledge, they acquire while participating in a particular academic activity, and their socialization-related experiences. Therefore, there is nothing odd about the fact that Jamal did not exhibit much of enthusiasm, while being required to tackle his home-assignments in a sharply defined solitary mode. This is because there are several good reasons for him to be identified as an extrovert, who is being naturally inclined to prefer communally intensive existential pursuits. The validity of this statement can be illustrated in regards to the particulars of Jamal’s upbringing – ever since his early childhood years, he was taught to believe that the sense of self-identity, on his part, was not qualitatively different from what accounted for the reasons of self-identity, on the part of his numerous sisters and brothers. Moreover, Jamal also used to be encouraged to access the significance of how he would position himself in life, as such that could not be discussed outside of such his positioning’ effects on the integrity of a religious community, to which he was born. This is exactly the reason why, despite the Jamal’s appearance of a strongly religious individual (he would always wear a turban, while in public), which should have resulted in him being a somewhat socially withdrawn person, he always seemed to derive great pleasure out of socializing with his peers. What it means is that Jamal’s academic failures can be partially attributed to the collapse of the Australian system of education to continue undergoing a conceptual transformation, as the mean of maintaining its effectiveness. After all, as the incident with Jamal indicates, while providing him with homework assignments, teachers were not taking into account the possibility that, due to the nature of his cognitive predispositions, Jamal could not excel in solitary learning. Apparently, even though it now became a commonplace practice among many Australian educators to praise multiculturalism, only a few of them seem to realize the educational implications of this governmentally sponsored policy. For example, in the light of recent socio-demographic developments, the practice of encouraging ethnically diverse students to embrace the ideals of gender egalitarianism may no longer be considered thoroughly appropriate. This is because, as the incident with Jamal pointed out to, a particular student’s chances to succeed in the studying cannot be discussed outside of what accounts for the qualitative essence of his or her affiliation with a ‘collective archetype’. And, it is namely students that, due to the specifics of their upbringing and the biologically predetermined workings of their psyche, are being predisposed towards professing the so-called ‘traditional valuesâ⠂¬â„¢, which appear especially ‘archetypical’ in how they address life-challenges. In its turn this explains why Jamal used to refer to me in a clearly misogynist manner – this was nothing but a consequence of the discursive realities of his highly traditional/religious private living having been strikingly different from the secularized realities of Australian schooling. Hence, a particular paradox – if encouraged to disregard ‘traditional values’, with which he was endowed, while in Pakistan, Jamal would have indeed been more likely to attain a social prominence in Australia, as a highly secularized country. Yet, this would simultaneously result in his sense of self-esteem having sustained a powerful blow (Moreno, 2010). However, one’s endowment with this sense is one of the crucial preconditions for him or her to be able to excel in academic studies, â€Å"Research indicates a positive correlation between self-esteem and school achi evement†¦ School-based programs aimed at enhancing students’ self-esteem have been found to increase positive feelings about self, decrease absenteeism and enhance students’ success at school† (Krause, 2010, p. 103). What it implies is that it is either the country’s policy-makers reconsider the appropriateness of incorporation of ‘celebration of diversity’ policy, as an integral part of the national system of education, or they do in fact revise the very principles, upon which this system’s current functioning continues to be based. Being thoroughly compatible with the methodology of Jungian psychoanalysis, Maslow’s theory of motivation will also come in particularly handy, when it comes to discussing the significance of my experience with Jamal. Given Jamal’s responses to my questions, he can be well-identified as a deficit-motivated individual. That is, while recognizing rationally that it was in his interests to r efer to his studies in terms of his foremost priority, Jamal nevertheless proved himself quite incapable of doing it. This is because, unlike what it happened to be the case with growth-learners, who derive an emotional satisfaction from being in the process of addressing different educational challenges, Jamal could not help but to perceive the discursive significance of his student-status from an essentially utilitarian perspective – just as deficit-motivated learners usually do (Kegan Lahey, 2001). Therefore, the Jamal’s lack of enthusiasm in solving math-equations is fully explainable – he simply could not understand how his potential proficiency in this particular activity could have benefited him, in the social sense of this word. After all, Jamal never considered the possibility of pursuing the career of a mathematician. This, of course, does not suggest that, as opposed to growth-motivated individuals, Jamal could never grow comfortable with the process of acquiring new knowledge. What appears to be the issue, in this respect, is that, as it was already mentioned, the system of Australian education remains thoroughly euro-centric, which is why its representatives, in charge of designing educational policies, continue referring to growth-motivated (Faustian) learning methodologies, as such that is being universally applicable, regardless of happened to be the essence of the concerned students’ psychological inclinations (Pajak, 2000). This situation can hardly be referred to as being entirely appropriate, because as my experience of having dealt with Jamal suggests, many ethnically diverse students in Australia are being denied an opportunity to focus on studying what they feel they really want to study. There is another significant aspect to the application of Jungian psychoanalysis to the earlier mentioned incident – the fact that it does imply the full objectiveness of Jung’s idea that, when it comes to defi ning the nature of a particular individual’s cognitive leanings, it represents the matter of a crucial importance to be able to gain an in-depth insight into the varying extent of his or her affiliation with masculine (animus) and feminine (amine) existential virtues. This is because a closer analysis of how Jamal acted towards me and how he addressed my remarks, suggests that, despite having been the representative of a ‘strong gender’ (which partially explains his misogynist attitudes), in the psychological sense of this word, Jamal was more of a ‘female’. After all, as opposed to what it is being the case with introverts, known for their tendency to address life-challenges in a thoroughly logical and rationale-driven manner, psychologically extroverted individuals prefer relying on the sheer strength of their subliminal intuition, while trying to make the best out of life. The fact that Jamal unconsciously disliked the procedural methodology of a conventional learning, concerned with the practice of students being handed out home assignments and prompted to work on them in the privacy of their homes, does indirectly validate this statement’s legitimacy. However, the practice indicates that individuals with plenty of anime inside of them (extraverts), are being emotionally vulnerable to the attempts to ‘correct’ their innately felt cognitive predispositions (Belenky et al.,1997) Therefore, the fact that eurocentrically-minded teachers continued giving Jamal a hard time, because of his failure to live up to their discursively defined expectations of an ‘academic fitness’, was not entirely justified. In fact, the reason why at times Jamal appeared being affected by depression, may well be discussed as a result of his holistically functioning Apollonian psyche having been forced to appropriate Faustian (rational) values (Faber Mazlish, 1996). Given what has been said earlier, we are now being in a position to summarize this paper’s main argumentative points: The assumption that, regardless of the specifics of their ethnocultural affiliation, all students are being equally comfortable with rationale-driven (euro-centric) educational methodologies, can no longer be considered as such that represents an undeniable truth-value. While exposing students to a particular learning methodology, teachers may never cease remaining thoroughly observant of what may account for the discursive essence of the concerned students’ collective archetype. Students should be provided with an opportunity to study in a manner that is being fully attuned to their psychological needs, which in turn derive out of the biologically predetermined workings of their unconscious. I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation, in regards to what can be considered the actual significance of my experience with Jamal, is being fully consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. Apparently, the time has come for educators not only to be proclaiming their formal allegiance to the ideals of multiculturalism but also to apply a practical effort into establishing objective preconditions for ethnically diverse students to be able to explore their full existential potential, while in Australian schools, colleges and universities. The utilization of Jung and Maslow’s theories, as instruments of identifying the innermost nature of students’ cognitive inclinations, may come in particularly handy, in this respect. References Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Goldberger, N., Tarule, J. (1997). Women’s ways of  knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books. Coleman, J. Hendry, L. (1990). The nature of adolescence. London and New York: Routledge. Faber, A. Mazlish, E. (1996). How to talk so kids can learn. New York: Simon Schuster. Greenwood, S. (2009). Anthropology of magic. Oxford: Berg Publishers. Hillman, J. (1996). The soul’s code: In search of character and calling. New York: Random House. Jourard, S. (1974). Healthy personality: An Approach from the viewpoint of  humanistic psychology. New York: Mcmillan Publishing Co. Keirsey, D. Bates, M. (1984). Please understand me: Character and temperament  types. Del Mar: Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. Kegan, R. Lahey, L. (2001). How the way we talk can change the way we work:  Seven languages for transformation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Krause, K. (2010). Educational psychology for learning and teaching. South Melbourne: Cengage Learning. Moore, T. (1992). The soul: A guide for cultivating depth and sacredness in everyday  life. New York: HarperPerrenial. Moreno, R. (2010). Educational psychology. New York: John Wiley Sons. Neville, B. (1996). Five kinds of empathy. In R. Hutterer, G. Pawlowsky, P. Smith, R. Stipsits (Eds.) Client-centered and experiential psycho-therapy: A Paradigm in motion (pp. 439-453). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. P ajak, E. (2000). Approaches to clinical supervision. Norwood: Christopher- Gordon publishers, Inc. Rogers, C. (1967). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of  psychotherapy. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1961). A therapist’s view of the good life: The fully functioning Person. In C. Rogers (Ed.) On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of  psychotherapy (pp. 184-196). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. This essay on Interpersonal Skills in Everyday Life was written and submitted by user Mariyah Matthews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Serenas Diner

Serenas Diner Free Online Research Papers It’s been eight years to the day since Mama died of lung cancer, and I’m still stuck in this dead-end town managing her little diner. Of course, my big brother hasn’t been much of a help since he took up the bottle, but to be frank, I can’t much blame him for wanting to drown his sorrows. He turned thirty years old last month and he’s never had a steady girlfriend or a good job. A man’s missing something in his life when he hasn’t traveled thirty miles from the place he was born. He was trapped here from the day Mama brought him into the world, and he’ll be stuck here ‘til the good Lord decides to take him home. Not that my life story is much different. I was born and raised here in Georgia with my big brother Bobby and my little sister Sue, and I’ve had a couple of exciting things happen in my life. I even once had a fiancà ©, but he went and joined up with the army before we could be wed. I also went to college for a while in the city, but I quit when Mama got really sick. Now I’m twenty-eight. Mama’s long gone, and I’m still working at her cafà ©, hardly making enough to keep Bobby and me alive. Sometimes I get so lonely down here. It would be nice if Sue paid a visit once in a while, but I suppose she’s got her own priorities, what with her new apartment and husband and all. She’s the only one of us ever to get a good education and break the family mould. We were all terribly proud of her, until she decided she was better than we were and she and Mama started fighting. Sue was just hurt that Daddy was never part of our life. Mama was hurt too, and I was hurt that Sue couldn’t be more sympathetic. It was a big circle of hurt for a while before things settled down again. Mama couldn’t help what happened. Daddy started drinking after Bobby was born, and killed himself two weeks after I was born. Guess he just couldn’t handle family life. I’ve struggled with it myself, but he’s long gone and there are some things you just can’t change, no matter how much you wish you could. Daddy called it Serena’s Diner, named after Mama. It’s old fashioned, but the customers don’t mind. As long our coffee is strong and cheap, they keep to themselves. Every day I open up at five in the morning, when the farm workers get up and grab a cup before going to work. They’re a mellow crowd, consisting mostly of tired old men, wizened by age and experience. Their cigarette smoke stinks up the dining room and forces me to recall Mama and the way she smoked two packs a day. Listening to their stories is a way to pass the time, but after a while they start to repeat themselves. Next, the regular townsfolk come around. If I ever do leave this town, the community is what I’d miss. They gather for a bite to eat and conversation before they leave for work. They take their time, sharing gossip and news before starting their day. Though I’ve never been especially close to anyone in my twenty-eight years living in town, I do keep up with the current events by eavesdropping every once in a while. Throughout the day, people come and go. I keep the coffeepot warm and sweep out the kitchen again. It’s a simple life; one I’m accustomed to. There’s a security to it. I could leave and make a home in a more exciting place, but you know the old saying that goes ‘home is where the heart is’, and this is my home. Mama raised us in the tiny second floor apartment above the cafà ©, where her mama raised her. She was born in that apartment, and died in it, too. She worked in this cafà © from the day she was able to, ‘til the day she was too weak to stand anymore. No matter how many times I think I resent the cafà ©, or Daddy, or Sue and Bobby, or sometimes even Mama for leaving us stuck in this place, I always remind myself that this is home. Home is where your heart is. So, when I hang the ‘closed’ sign on the front door and close up for the night, and I feel the tiniest bit of regret for sticking around, I pause for a moment to remember how much Mama loved me, Bobby and Sue, Daddy, and this cafà ©. I turn the lights off and look at the starry Georgia sky to think. Home is where the heart is, and my heart is in Serena’s Diner. Research Papers on Serena's DinerHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric AndersonLifes What IfsThe Hockey Game

Capital Allocation Competency on Business

This study has highlighted the marketing behaviour of Wesfarmers Limited. In this connection, this study has highlighted stakeholder’s perceptions regarding the performance of the organisation. In addition, this study has provided the reputation, mission and corporate service responsibility of Wesfarmers. On the other hand, in this study the annual ranking of Wesfarmers would be mentioned. This study has also identified the stakeholders of the organisation. The business objectives of Wesfarmers would be discussed in this connection.   In this section, Wesfarmers Limited is a renowned Australian conglomerate and the head quarter is in Western Australia. Wesfarmers is famous for its retailing business. In addition, Wesfarmers is also famous for the production of chemicals, fertilisers, coal mining and other safety products. As opined by Ohata & Kumar (2012), it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has earned highest revenue in the year of 2015 within the industry. Wesfarmers has earned AUS$ 62.7 billion revenue. Moreover, it can be added that Wesfarmers overtook it’s rival Woolworths Limited. The number of employees in this organisation is approximately 205000 and therefore, it can be identified that Wesfarmers is the largest private organisation of Australia. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the number of shareholders of Wesfarmers are approximately 530,000. Wesfarmers cooperative limited was developed in the year of 1914 as a cooperative organisation. In the year of 1919, more than 65 cooperative org anisations were treated as the agents of Westralian farmers association. On the other hand, it can be stated that after becoming a renowned public organisation, Wesfarmers has aimed to acquire other businesses. In this context, Wesfarmers has acquired Coles group, departmental stores, Kmart automobile organisations, chemical, energy and the fertilisers companies. In the words of Arrfelt et al., (2015), the objectives of Wesfarmers can be discussed briefly in the following: This study also highlights the mission statement of Wesfarmers. In this connection, Haar & White (2013) opined that Wesfarmers aimed to deliver a satisfactory return to the organisational shareholders. Moreover, it can be stated that Wesfarmers has aimed to develop and maintain a disciplined business culture. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has focused on four core values such as openness, integrity, boldness and accountability, with refer to the appendix 1. As per the concept of integrity, Wesfarmers tried to do right thing, whereas the openness mission is helpful to work together as one team. The boldness mission highlighted that Wesfarmers always aimed to improve their business performance to earn more revenue compared to it’s competitors.   The accountability factor aimed to the cost structure of the organisation. Mehta & Gupta (2014) added that Wesfarmers aimed to follow end to end relationship with the stakeholders and aimed to manage each of the phase of partner’s work wear cycle. Wesfarmers group has also aimed to the entire systems and processes to meet the organisational passion for the business. According to Benn, Dunphy & Griffiths (2014), it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers is at thirteenth position as per the ranking of corporate reputation index of 2015. The shares of Wesfarmers Limited are higher by 1%. On the contrary, Jia et al., (2014) argued that over the last 12 months the performance of Wesfarmers is not at all impressive along with the gaining of the share price by 3.6%, compared to the 8.1% gain in the index. As per the review, it can be added that the retail market offer the investors of the organisation a steadier growth profile. Therefore, it can be opined that the return on earnings from the business has increased. As a result, the overall profitability of the organisation would be increased (Wesfarmers.com.au). As per the statement of Kim, Lee & Prideaux (2014), it can be stated that Wesfarmers used to listen and understand the necessity and requirements of the stakeholders in order to make the business of the organisation successful. This stud has identified the employees, consumers, shareholders, suppliers, media, government and the non government organisations as the stakeholders of the company. As per the recent study, it can be noticed that Wesfarmers has employed 220000 people in the year of 2016. Cosby (2014) mentioned that the employees of Wesfarmers seek to be a part of the decision making procedure and provide their valuable review, which would be helpful for the business restructuring. The organisation has also aimed to receive feedback from the employees to improve the performance of the organisation. In this connection, the whistle blower process is benefitted to receive the reviews of the subordinates annually (Ellinger et al., 2012). Wesfarmers always tried to communicate with it’s consumers in order to identify the satisfaction of them. In this connection, the organisation has tried to contact with them through emails, letters, telephones and also trough official websites. After collecting the information and consumers’ feedback, the management supervise the feedback of the consumers based on the collected information. The main issue, which the shareholders of Wesfarmers increased, is connected with the balance sheet and the industrial competitiveness. This would be helpful to operate the dividend policy and portfolio management. Wesfarmers aimed to maintain a long term relation with the suppliers. In this context, Shen et al., (2013) cited that the long term business sustainability would be improved. Wesfarmers is able to return the investment of the suppliers from the business. With refer to the appendix 2, the seven dimensions of corporate culture figure depicted that corporate competency is helpful to analyse the connection between the corporate communication strategy, organisational stakeholders’ position and the performance of the organisation. In the point of Killingsworth & Flynn (2016), it can be mentioned that although there are some small inconsistencies within the model, these minor shortcomings would be reflected in case of the application of seven dimensions of corporate personality scale. On the other hand, it can be added that this corporate connection can be discussed with the help of seven following dimensions, which are benefitted to achieve the mission and the vision statement of an organisation. As per the concept of agreeableness, it can be mentioned that agreeableness is depending upon four dimensions such as social justice, sustainability, and openness and employee engagement. Wesfarmers has aimed to maintain the open arm business culture and follow the corporate social responsibility to improve the business performance and also increase the satisfaction level of the consumers. In this context, Ohata & Kumar (2012) opined that the Wesfarmers also looking for the product innovation in order to improve the performance of the organisation. In addition, the organisation has planned to implement strategic plans to achieve the objectives of the organisation. Core competencies are helpful to develop the organisational strategic management. Strategic development would in turn help Wesfarmers to set the business goals. In addition, it can be mentioned that knowledge would provide the managers of the organisation relevant information. This information is required to recognise the opportunities within the business environment. In the words of Haar & White (2013), this dimension is able to control the inward looking, aggressive and the arrogant corporate personality of Wesfarmers. In this purpose, the managers of Wesfarmers need to monitor the performance of the employees significantly. With the help of this dimension, Wesfarmers would be able to overcome the challenging situation in the business. As opined by Mehta & Gupta (2014), it can be mentioned that the management of an organisation can maintain a stronger relationship with the external stakeholders. This dimension of corporate characteristics refers that Wesfarmers only recruited the efficient and skilled employees. Moreover, it can be added that the employees, who have experiences in this field get the opportunity to recruit. The performance of the skilled employees would in turn increase the overall productivity of the organisation. In order to develop the corporate communication strategies of Wesfarmers, this study has mentioned some relevant approaches. It is necessary to achieve the organisation’s goal to meet the business objectives. According to Benn, Dunphy & Griffiths (2014), these corporation strategies can increase the reputation of the organisation. In this purpose, Wesfarmers could improve the relationship with the stakeholders. The stakeholders also will willing to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation. Moreover, the corporate competencies are aimed to implement product innovation strategy in order to improve the business strategy. Therefore, it can be inferred that core competencies of the business would be increased. In addition, Cosby (2014) mentioned that it is necessary to develop the trust of the stakeholders. This is also important to make a business successful. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers requires to improve the brand image and the brand valuation. This would increase the consumer purchase intentions and consumer loyalty. The consumers also would like to purchase goods from the organisation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the revenue earning by the organisation would be increased. This would in turn increase the profitability statement of the organisation. The business by the organisation would be expanded in the global market. On the other hand, Killingsworth & Flynn (2016) cited that based on the SWOT analysis, the strength and weakness of the organisation would be identified. This would in turn help the organisation to improve the performance by identifying the shortcomings in their performance. Therefore, these approaches can significantly improve the performance of Wesfarmers. After analysing the overall study, it can be recommended that seven dimension of competency is required to implement within the organisation. This can effectively increase the performance of an organisation. Moreover, it can be stated that the organisation also requires to follow corporate social responsibility program to achieve the business objectives. The performance of the organisation would be successful. This study has highlighted the importance of corporate communication. In this context, this study has described the background of the organisation. In addition, this study has mentioned the position of Wesfarmers as per the RepTrak review. This highlights the financial performance of the organisation. On the other hand, this study is important to identify the stakeholders of the organisation and how they reflect the business of the company. The mission and the vision statement of Wesfarmers has described in this connection. In this study, the importance of seven dimensions of corporate competency has discussed which has enhanced the essence of the study. Arrfelt, M., Wiseman, R. M., McNamara, G., & Hult, G. T. M. (2015). Examining a key corporate role: The influence of capital allocation competency on business unit performance.  Strategic Management Journal,  36(7), 1017-1034. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., & Griffiths, A. (2014).  Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Buniamin, S., Johari, N. H., Rahman, N. R. A., & Rauf, F. H. A. (2012). Board diversity and discretionary accruals of the Top 100 Malaysia corporate governance (MCG) index company.  African Journal of Business Management,  6(29), 8496. Cosby, D. M. (2014). Sustainability Program Leadership for Human Resource Development Professionals: A Competency Model.  Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict,  18(2), 79. Ellinger, A., Shin, H., Magnus Northington, W., Adams, F. G., Hofman, D., & O'Marah, K. (2012). The influence of supply chain management competency on customer satisfaction and shareholder value.  Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,  17(3), 249-262. Haar, J. M., & White, B. J. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: a study of New Zealand firms.  Human Resource Management Journal,  23(1), 109-125. Home. (2016).  Wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 19 December 2016, from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ Hsu, C. C., Tan, K. C., Jayaram, J., & Laosirihongthong, T. (2014). Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.  International Journal of Production Research,  52(18), 5467-5483. Jia, J., Wang, G., Zhao, X. N., & Yu, X. (2014). Exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate performance: The role of competency of executives in entrepreneurial-oriented corporations.  Nankai Business Review International,  5(3), 326-344. Killingsworth, C., & Flynn, T. (2016). Assessing the CPRS Pathways to the Profession competency framework: Perspectives on corporate communication leadership competencies and credentials.  Corporate Communications: An International Journal,  21(2), 177-194. Kim, S. S., Lee, J., & Prideaux, B. (2014). Effect of celebrity endorsement on tourists’ perception of corporate image, corporate credibility and corporate loyalty.  International Journal of Hospitality Management,  37, 131-145. Lawson, R. A., Blocher, E. J., Brewer, P. C., Cokins, G., Sorensen, J. E., Stout, D. E., ... & Wouters, M. J. (2013). Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education.  Issues in Accounting Education,  29(2), 295-317. Mehta, C., & Gupta, P. (2014). Corporate entrepreneurship: a study on entrepreneurial personality of employees.  Global Journal of Finance and Management,  6(4), 305-312. Ohata, M., & Kumar, A. (2012). Big data: a boon to business intelligence.  Financial Executive,  28(7), 63-65. Shen, C. H., Chou, C. M., Hsiao, H. C., & Lee, Y. J. (2013). Analysis of Core Competency Required for the Managerial Work Force of Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan.  Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,  6(03), 111.

Helping Skills in Mental Health Facilitation Case Study

Helping Skills in Mental Health Facilitation - Case Study Example termine her mental state of health as well as help her find a community mental health facilitator in charge of a social support group of people undergoing the same situation as her. The mental health facilitator assists in people sharing their experiences and helping them cope with the problem and their situations better be they social or psychological (Hinkle, 2014). After achieving a bit of control of her life and managing to reduce her depression, the next step is for her to bring in her son with her to the community group and they undergo the support as a family. They will be helped to know how to communicate better with each other, learn out about their needs and want and how to coexist with each other without having to fight all the time. Susan will be taught to not only be a parent but be a friend to her son as well and how they can trust each other since they only have each other. The mental health facilitator is the one to assist them fulfill the plan. Hinkle, S. (January, 2014). â€Å"Population-Based Mental Health Facilitation (MHF): A Grassroots Strategy That Works.† The Professional Counselor Journal. Retrieved from:

Insurance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Insurance Law - Essay Example In evaluating the extent of the risk, the insurer analyzes the breakdown of claims into different subsection; in many insurance firms, sex is a factor in the calculation of the premium. Legal bodies argue that insurance companies should not base their calculations in reference to the statistics. It is true and evident that the world’s statistics show that, male drivers, specifically young drivers experience more accidents per capita than female drivers. This means that female risk equivalent is less than that of male drivers; that is, in reference to the same area, same car, similar driving experience, and some knowledge of the environment. Below are statistical records in reference to males and accidents: In evaluating the extent of the risk, the insurer analyzes the breakdown of claims into different subsection; in many insurance firms, sex is a factor in the calculation of the premium. Legal bodies argue that insurance companies should not base their calculations in referen ce to the statistics. It is true and evident that the world’s statistics show that, male drivers, specifically young drivers experience more accidents per capita than female drivers. This means that female risk equivalent is less than that of male drivers; that is, in reference to the same area, same car, similar driving experience, and some knowledge of the environment. Below are statistical records in reference to males and accidents:1. Men are likely to perpetrators of fatal accidents 3 times higher than women.

The weaknesses of the Ontological argument give support to Atheism. Discuss this statement Essay Example for Free

The weaknesses of the Ontological argument give support to Atheism. Discuss this statement Essay Anselm’s ontological argument described in part (a), was refuted in his own lifetime, by Gaunilo, who demonstrated in a reduction ad absurdum of his own, that if the logic of the argument were applied to things other than God, it led to invalid conclusions. Gaunilo didn’t identify any specific fault with the argument, but argued that something must be wrong with it, because if there wasn’t anything wrong, then we can use its logic to prove anything, which we may have no reason to believe to be true. For instance, Gaunilo argued that it’s possible to construct an argument in the exact same form as the ontological argument, that claims to prove the existence of the perfect island: this island must exist for if it did not then it would be possible to conceive of an island greater than that island than which no greater can be conceived, which is absurd. Therefore, if the ontological argument works, then the argument for the existence of the perfect island must work too. They are both logically similar, so they stand, or fall together. However, the argument for the island is clearly spurious, as we have no reason for this ‘perfect island’ to exist. Unless a theist can point to some relevant difference between his argument for the existence of God, and Gaunilo’s argument for the existence of the perfect island, the theist will have to abandon the ontological argument for the existence of God, as well as Gaunilo’s, because if one fails, then they both do, as they are so similar. This weakness of the ontological argument adds fuel to the fire for atheists through Gaunilo putting forward his argument for the existence of the perfect island as an objection to the ontological argument. He knew that they would both fall, which shows that neither argument works which further supports atheists. Another weakness of the ontological argument which gives support to atheists is Immanuel Kant’s objection to it: Existence is not a Predicate. Fundamental to both Anselm’s and Descartes’ form of the ontological argument is that existence is a predicate, an attribute or a quality that can be possessed or lacked. These qualities for example, may or may not belong to a thing or being and their presence or absence is part of our understanding and apprehension of it. Kant observed however, that existence isn’t associated with the definition of something, since it didn’t add to our understanding of that thing. This supports atheism as existence is merely something that we can have or not have, and it is absurd to say what something is like without it existing. It also supports atheism as an atheist would say that we can’t ascribe existence a priori to a definition of a perfect being. Bertrand Russell furthered Kant’s observations, proposing that ‘existence’ was not a predicate, but a term used to solely indicate the instance of something in the ‘spatio temporal’ world. To say something exists only tells us that that thing occupies a space on the earth. For example saying ‘Cows are brown, and exist’ tells us only one thing: they are brown. The ‘and exist’ shows that they are on the earth, however it’s a tautology since to say they are brown, effectively suggests that they exist and aren’t imaginary. Thomas Aquinas had already questioned this aspect of the ontological argument, claiming that Anselm was guilty of making ‘transitional error’ – moving from the definition of God to the existence of Him. He observed that Anselm also was guilty of making an assumption about the definition of God that was not necessarily shared by all believers. This supports atheism because not all believers believed in Anselm’s definition of God, which poses the question, if people have different views on the right or wrong definition of God, what’s to say that they could ALL be wrong, and atheism is the truth in it all? Furthermore, Aquinas said that understanding the term ‘God’ means that God exists in the understanding, not in reality. God’s existence in reality must be demonstrated a posteriori, with evidence or experience. Atheism is supported in this way, as atheists could argue that anyone can believe what they like in their minds, but something has to be evident in material form in reality to be actually real. Overall, the weaknesses generally give support to atheism as they show alternatives and flaws in the ontological argument. The ways in which atheists interpret the critic’s objections leads to further belief that God does not exist. Atheists are supported primarily by the fact that the ontological argument is a priori, so does not rely on empirical evidence, therefore if there was empirical evidence for God’s existence, they might be swayed slightly in their beliefs.

Socrates’ Trial Defense in Terms of His Values Essay -- Plato Socrates

Socrates’ Trial Defense in Terms of His Values In his Apology, Plato recounted the trial that led to the execution of his friend and mentor, Socrates. The account revealed that values of Socrates’ accusers and his own fundamentally differed, and that they had been angered because he tried to prove that they had misplaced theirs. Those differences created conflict between the two parties that culminated in his trial. With the understanding that a jury condemned Socrates to death and his defense nevertheless pleased him because he gave it truthfully, it is most sensible to call it a good defense because he felt it was the best that he could do. In reply to the first charge against him, Socrates effectively recounted the reason that he had been privately questioning Athenians and claiming that some of their personal beliefs had been ill-founded. The affidavit read, â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others.† (Plato, 2) The abstractness of that accusation made it an odd one to refute, so Socrates attempted to do so by explaining how he became unpopular with his accusers. Socrates established very early in his defense that he knew he had no wisdom, and he based his investigations of Athenians’ wisdom on finding at least one person wiser than he was. He recalled a story of Chaerephon, an old Athenian friend, who went to the Oracle of Delphi to ask whether anybody had more wisdom than Socrates did, and she â€Å"’†¦answered that there was no man wiser.’† (Plato, 3) Socrates explained that since he knew he had no wisdom, he began a search to find a ... ...ur persons and your properties, but first and chiefly to take care about the greatest improvement of the soul.† (Plato, 11) His mission attempted to show Athenians that the way to do that is to live in truth and justice. Socrates’ defense maintained the integrity of the values that he lived by. He affirmed that he was not angered at being condemned to death, saying, â€Å"I would rather die having spoken after my manner, than speak in your manner and live.† (Plato, 17) He devoted himself so completely to improving his soul and the souls of others that, while he faced enormous odds in convincing jury members who considered him evil, he undoubtedly believed that his defense left his soul in its best condition before he died. In those terms, Socrates could not have delivered a better defense. Sources: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html

The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) was conceived and developed during a time when Nursing lacked definition and identity within the medical community. This theory, not only, helped to move nursing from vocation to profession, it â€Å"is one of the most commonly used in practice† (Alligood, 2010, p 261). The SCDNT has â€Å"four structured cognitive operations: diagnostic, prescriptive, regulatory, and control† (Alligood, 2010, p 266). In the simplest terms this theory states that a nurse should establish the nurse-client relationship, determining what the client’s self-care requisites are (Diagnostic Operations). Then determine, based on the clients personal characteristics which self-care deficits exist (Prescriptive Operations). With the self-care deficits established, both the client’s, client’s caretaker’s, and nurse’s roles can be established. Develop the plan for self-care, designing learning into the system (Regulatory Operations). As the plan is executed, continuing evaluation is required to make any changes so the client’s self-care is at its optimum (Control Operations). The nurse is not limited to executing these operations in this order. Their sequence is interchangeable as the evaluations may dictate (Alligood, 2010). The SCDNT was developed by Dr. Dorothea Orem. Dr. Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1914 and lived 93 years, until her death in Savannah, Georgia on June 22, 2007 (DeLorme, 2007, para 1 &2). In 1934, â€Å"Orem arrived on the [Nursing] scene when the image of nurses still lacked major definition† (DeLorme, 2007, para 2), and this continued for decades. According to Sarah E.  Allison in an article she co-authored in Nursing Science Quarterly, â€Å"From the late 1950s to the 1970s, Orem was deeply concerned that nursing had no clear sense of direction in terms of purpose or focus – no clear concept about its domain of practice† (Clarke, 2009, para 4). Orem’s career began as an operating room nurse; a tested time she refers to as â€Å"a post-graduate course in operating room† (DeLorme, 2007, para 3). It is this time that Dr. Orem states that allowed her â€Å"’to see the whole picture’ in terms of organization and administration in the nursing field† (DeLorme, 2007, para 3).